Obstetric suboptimality in twins Folstein S, Rutter M. Infantile autism: a genetic study of 21 twin pairs. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1977 Sep;18(4):297-321. Steffenburg S, Gillberg C, Hellgren L, Andersson L, Gillberg IC, Jakobsson G, Bohman M. A twin study of autism in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1989 May;30(3):405-16. Greenberg DA, Hodge SE, Sowinski J, Nicoll D. Excess of Twins among Affected Sibling Pairs with Autism: Implications for the Etiology of Autism. Am J Hum Genet. 2001 Nov;69(5):1062-7. Meconium aspiration syndrome Matsuishi T, Yamashita Y, Ohtani Y, Ornitz E, Kuriya N, Murakami Y, Fukuda S, Hashimoto T, Yamashita F. Brief report: incidence of and risk factors for autistic disorder in neonatal intensive care unit survivors. J Autism Dev Disord. 1999 Apr; 29(2):161-6. Other Perinatal complications 1970-1999 Lobascher ME, Kingerlee PE, Gubbay SS. Childhood autism: an investigation of aetiological factors in twenty-five cases. Br J Psychiatry. 1970 Nov;117(540):525- 9. Levy S, Zoltak B, Saelens T. A comparison of obstetrical records of autistic and nonautistic referrals for psychoeducational evaluations.  J Autism Dev Disord. 1988 Dec;18(4):573-81. Lord C, Mulloy C, Wendelboe M, Schopler E. Pre- and perinatal factors in high- functioning females and males with autism.  J Autism Dev Disord. 1991 Jun;21(2): 197-209. Ghaziuddin M, Shakal J, Tsai L. Obstetric factors in Asperger syndrome: comparison with high-functioning autism.  J Intellect Disabil Res. 1995 Dec;39 ( Pt 6):538-43. Bolton PF, Murphy M, Macdonald H, Whitlock B, Pickles A, Rutter M. Obstetric complications in autism: consequences or causes of the condition? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997 Feb;36(2):272-81 2001-2002 Bodier C, Lenoir P, Malvy J, Barthélemy C, Wiss M, Sauvage D. (2001) Autisme et pathologies associées. Étude clinique de 295 cas de troubles envahissants du development [Autism and associated pathologies. Clinical study of 295 cases involving development disorders]. Presse Médicale. 2001 Sep 1;30(24 Pt 1):1199- 203. Juul-Dam N, Townsend J, Courchesne E. Prenatal, perinatal, and neonatal factors in autism, pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified, and the general population.   Pediatrics. 2001 Apr;107(4):E63. Wilkerson DS, Volpe AG, Dean RS, Titus JB. Perinatal complications as predictors of infantile autism.  Int J Neurosci. 2002 Sep;112(9):1085-98. Hultman CM, Sparen P, Cnattingius S. Perinatal risk factors for infantile autism. Epidemiology. 2002 Jul;13(4):417-23. Zwaigenbaum L, Szatmari P, Jones MB, Bryson SE, MacLean JE, Mahoney WJ, Bartolucci G, Tuff L. Pregnancy and birth complications in autism and liability to the broader autism phenotype.  J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2002 May;41 (5):572-9. 2004-2005 Glasson EJ, Bower C, Petterson B, de Klerk N, Chaney G, Hallmayer JF. Perinatal factors and the development of autism: a population study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004 Jun;61(6):618-27. Larsson HJ, Eaton WW, Madsen KM, Vestergaard M, Olesen AV, Agerbo E, Schendel D, Thorsen P, Mortensen PB. Risk factors for autism: perinatal factors, parental psychiatric history, and socioeconomic status. Am J Epidemiol. 2005 May 15;161(10):916-25; discussion 926-8. Newschaffer CJ, Cole SR. Invited commentary: risk factors for autism--perinatal factors, parental psychiatric history, and socioeconomic status. Am J Epidemiol. 2005 May;161:926-8. McInnes LA, Gonzalez PJ, Manghi ER, Esquivel M, Monge S, Delgado MF, Fournier E, Bondy P, Castelle K. A genetic study of autism in Costa Rica: multiple variables affecting IQ scores observed in a preliminary sample of autistic cases. BMC Psychiatry. 2005 Mar 21;5(1):15. Gillberg C, Cederlund M. Asperger syndrome: familial and pre- and perinatal factors. J Autism Dev Disord. 2005 Apr;35(2):159-66. Sugie Y, Sugie H, Fukuda T, Ito M. Neonatal factors in infants with Autistic Disorder and typically developing infants. Autism. 2005 Dec;9(5):487-94. 2006- Badawi N, Novak I, McIntyre S, Edwards K, Raye S, deLacy M, Bevis E, Flett P, van Essen P, Scott H, Tungaraza K, Sealy M, McCann V, Reddihough D, Reid S, Lanigan A, Blair E, de Groot J, Watson L. Autism following a history of newborn encephalopathy: more than a coincidence? Dev Med Child Neurol. 2006 Feb;48 (2):85-9. Maimburg RD, Vaeth M. Perinatal risk factors and infantile autism. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2006 Oct;114(4):257-64.