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1950s - The Apgar score
in 1953 [8]. In 1958, Apgar (and her colleagues) wrote that scoring at one minute was done because this was the time of most severe depression:
infant is in the hands of an individual other than the obstetrician. In many hospitals, such is not the case. Those obstetricians who practice slow delivery and delayed clamping of the cord until pulsations of the umbilical artery cease still have the infant in the sterile field. However, if the obstetrician is reminded of the passage of time by another observer, he may assign a score even though the cord is still attached," [9, p1987]
perceived need to remove the newborn from the "sterile field" for repair of the episiotomy, manage delivery of the placenta, and to give the infant to neonatal specialists, often for resuscitation. Note that Apgar recognized that "slow delivery" and waiting for pulsation of the umbilical arteries to cease was still common practice.
infant . Current Researches in Anesthesia and Analgesia 32:260-267. Online at: http://apgar.net/virginia/Apgar_Paper.html 9. Apgar V, Holaday DA, James LS, Weisbrot IM. Evaluation of the newborn infant – second report. JAMA 1958; 168(15):1985-9. |